It should establish a clear purpose for the research in relation to the chosen field. For example, filling a gap in knowledge, analyzing academic assumptions or professional practice, monitoring a development in practice, comparing different approaches, or testing theories within a specific population are some of the relevant RQs. Manageable M : It has the similar essence as of feasibility but mainly means that the following research can be managed by the researcher.
Appropriate A : RQ should be appropriate logically and scientifically for the community and institution. Potential value and publishability P : The study can make significant health impact in clinical and community practices. Therefore, research should aim for significant economic impact to reduce unnecessary or excessive costs. Furthermore, the proposed study should exist within a clinical, consumer, or policy-making context that is amenable to evidence-based change.
Above all, a good RQ must address a topic that has clear implications for resolving important dilemmas in health and health-care decisions made by one or more stakeholder groups. Systematic S : Research is structured with specified steps to be taken in a specified sequence in accordance with the well-defined set of rules though it does not rule out creative thinking.
Example of RQ: Would the topical skin application of oil as a skin barrier reduces hypothermia in preterm infants? This question fulfills the criteria of a good RQ, that is, feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant.
Existence: This is designed to uphold the existence of a particular phenomenon or to rule out rival explanation, for example, can neonates perceive pain? Description and classification: This type of question encompasses statement of uniqueness, for example, what are characteristics and types of neuropathic bladders?
Composition: It calls for breakdown of whole into components, for example, what are stages of reflux nephropathy? Relationship: Evaluate relation between variables, for example, association between tumor rupture and recurrence rates in Wilm's tumor. Descriptive—comparative: Expected that researcher will ensure that all is same between groups except issue in question, for example, Are germ cell tumors occurring in gonads more aggressive than those occurring in extragonadal sites?
Causality: Does deletion of p53 leads to worse outcome in patients with neuroblastoma? Causality—comparative: Such questions frequently aim to see effect of two rival treatments, for example, does adding surgical resection improves survival rate outcome in children with neuroblastoma than with chemotherapy alone?
Causality—Comparative interactions: Does immunotherapy leads to better survival outcome in neuroblastoma Stage IV S than with chemotherapy in the setting of adverse genetic profile than without it? Does X cause more changes in Y than those caused by Z under certain condition and not under other conditions. Begin by identifying a broader subject of interest that lends itself to investigate, for example, hormone levels among hypospadias.
Do preliminary research on the general topic to find out what research has already been done and what literature already exists. For example, studies with results on testosterone levels among hypospadias. What do you still need to know? What are the implied questions: The need to know about a problem will lead to few implied questions. Each general question should lead to more specific questions e.
Narrow the scope and focus of research e. Once question has been framed, one should evaluate it. This is to realize if these would be effective RQs or if they need more revising. Is RQ clear? With so much research available on any given topic, RQs must be as clear as possible in order to be effective in helping the writer direct his or her research. Is the RQ focused?
RQs must be specific enough to be well covered in the space available. Is the RQ complex? They should, instead, require both research and analysis on the part of the writer.
Is the RQ one that is of interest to the researcher and potentially useful to others? Is it a new issue or problem that needs to be solved or is it attempting to shed light on previously researched topic. Is the RQ researchable? Consider the available time frame and the required resources. Is the methodology to conduct the research feasible? Is the RQ measurable and will the process produce data that can be supported or contradicted?
Create Hs: After formulating RQ, think where research is likely to be progressing? What would it mean if the research disputed the planned argument? At this step, one can well be on the way to have a focus for the research and construction of a thesis. Hs consists of more specific predictions about the nature and direction of the relationship between two variables. It is a predictive statement about the outcome of the research, dictate the method, and design of the research[ 1 ].
Understand implications of your research: This is important for application: whether one achieves to fill gap in knowledge and how the results of the research have practical implications, for example, to develop health policies or improve educational policies. Is there a unique area that is yet to be investigated or is there a particular question that may be worth replicating? For example, Evaluation of reproductive hormonal profile in children presenting with isolated hypospadias.
Divide your question into concepts. Would the topical skin application of oil as a skin barrier reduces hypothermia in preterm infants? Apart from fulfilling the criteria of a good RQ, that is, feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant, it also details about the intervention done topical skin application of oil , rationale of intervention as a skin barrier , population to be studied preterm infants , and outcome reduces hypothermia.
Make reference to a population when a relationship is expected among a certain type of subjects. Some of the other problems and their possible solutions have been discussed in Table 1. Once RQ is formulated, a Hs can be developed. Hs means transformation of a RQ into an operational analog.
Does reduced gap between the two segments of the esophagus in patients of esophageal atresia reduces the mortality and morbidity of such patients? Reduced gap between the two segments of the esophagus in patients of esophageal atresia reduces the mortality and morbidity of such patients.
Does application of mitomycin C improves the outcome in patient of corrosive esophageal strictures? In patients aged 2—9 years with corrosive esophageal strictures, 34 applications of mitomycin C in dosage of 0. Some other examples of good and bad RQs have been shown in Table 2.
Examples of few bad left-hand side column and few good right-hand side research questions. Conclusion: The study revealed that the in situ gelling system of Olopatadine HCl sustained the effect of drug up to 10 hours. The formulation F8 extended the release of drug up to 10 hours as compared to marketed preparation of Olopatadine HCl, Zyopta solution , which gives The drug given by Eye is a special sensory organ which provides sensation of ocular route has to overcome many barriers of the eye.
In case of vision1. It is one of the challenging organ due to its complex make topical administration drug has to cross the pre corneal barriers. It is well supplied by nerve and blood to Our body has its own defence system which exhibits response carry its sensory functions. Thus, it is an extremely important when any medication is administered. In case of ophthalmic drug organ. Therefore, ophthalmic dosage forms need to be formulated delivery, blinking of eyes and tear production are stimulated with utmost precautions.
Drug delivery to the eye has been one of when a medication is instilled into the eyes. These physiological the most challenging tasks to pharmaceutical scientists. The mechanisms cause drug loss by rapid clearance.
Rapid drug unique anatomy and physiology of the eye renders it a highly clearance is a result of lachrymation, conjunctival and naso protected organ, and the unique structure restricts drug entry at lachrymal absorption.
Therefore, rapid drug clearance in addition the target site of action. Many drug delivery systems for administration of drug using Following characteristics are required to optimize ocular drug ophthalmic route are being studied.
One such approach is formulation of the ophthalmic solutions as in situ gels. In situ Eye has got a complex anatomy, physiology and also drug forming gels are formulations, applied as solutions, sols, or administration is difficult due to high tear turnover and blinking suspensions, that undergo gelation phase transition after of the eyes.
Two major absorption routes are present; corneal instillation due to physicochemical changes thermosensitive, pH cornea—aqueous humour—intraocular tissues and non-corneal triggered, ion activated. Gelation is triggered by the Preliminary batches of 0. Various using Sodium Alginate, HPC, Dibasic sodium phosphate, polymer grades can be used depending on the requirement of gel Benzalkonium Chloride and mannitol.
The batches were to be formulated. This blocks the action of endogenous histamine, which subsequently leads to temporary Preparation of In Situ Gels with Selected Variables Using 32 relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine.
Factorial Design Olopatadine HCl inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. It is used to treat ocular itching associated with allergic Design of Experiments DoE conjunctivitis. Olopatadine HCl eye drops 0. The design developing formulations, in which manufacturing processes consisted of nine experimental points.
A design used is suitable ensure pre-defined product specifications. The important part of for exploring quadratic response surfaces and constructing this approach is to understand how process and formulation second-order polynomial models with Design Expert software parameters affect the product quality and subsequent Version 11, Stat-Ease Inc. In X1 X HPC was a gift experimental and predicted values. Statistical validity of the sample from Wockhardt Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Aurangabad.
All polynomials was established on the basis of ANOVA provision chemicals used were of analytical grade. Also 3-D response surface graphs were constructed using the design expert software.
Materials attributes studied were Sodium Alginate conc. The optimum biological, or microbiological property or characteristic that formulation of this study is based on the constrains for CQAs should be within an appropriate limit, range, or distribution to given in table 3. This Formulation and Development of in Situ gel parameter directly affects the quality of final product. Preliminary trials for the selection of polymers was carried out based on The 0. The polymers were studied for drug content, different concentrations of Sodium Alginate as per figure 1.
The drug release, viscosity and pH. These data were used to optimize two independent variables selected were Sodium Alginate X1 concentration of polymers for the preparation of ophthalmic in situ gel.
The factorial designed batches are shown UV Method Development in table 4. Sodium alginate was done using infrared spectroscopy The clarity of solutions was further assessed by observing them Shimadzu, Prestige The formulation which is a solution, forms a Preparation of In Situ Gel viscous gel which was observed visually and scores were designated based on time required for gel formation and the time According to Quality by Design, pharmaceutical development required for the gel to break down upon shaking.
Preliminary trials were carried out for the selection of of labelled amount. The role of Polymers used in ophthalmic formulations is to increase the Viscosity residence time on the ocular surface and thereby to increase permeability and bioavailability.
Gelation was induced in formulation by when comes into contact with a certain ions present in tears. Sodium Alginate is an economic and easy to use as a gelling agent and has In Vitro Drug Release Study a good gelling ability at physiological conditions hence was selected to be used in formulation.
HPC was used to retard drug In vitro release was performed through cellophane membrane release and further enhance the viscosity of formulation when it pore size 0. The figure 2. The basket attached to the shaft of USP apparatus I final Screening was based on gelling ability of prepared Basket type was replaced with a glass cylinder. Numerical scores were assigned for gelling ability.
The potential CQAs for development of ophthalmic in …. The of preformed gels. The UV spectrum obtained is given in Korsmeyer-Peppas to ascertain the kinetic modelling of drug figure 3. The drug goat cornea.
Same test conditions prevalent in in-vitro study were sample was placed in FTIR sample holder and scanned over the followed with respect to temperature and stirring rate. The incremental dissolution of pyrite with the formulation. The borax formulation achieved a corrosion rate that is 25 times lower than the commercial formulation. Comparison of iron concentration versus time for borax and dissolution.
The results show that the new borax formulation is superior in performance in comparison with 4. Experimental Details. Hong Kong, supplied the 3. Pyrite rock samples were purchased removal of pyrite, FeS2, scales from oil and gas tubings.
Both from Geology Superstore Company, Britain. Cores of 1 inch theoretical analysis using DFT computational analysis and diameter were drilled from the sample.
Finally, a 0. Corrosion tests are surface highly polished and smoothed. This polished disk to provide an insight into the chemistry of the reactions on the surface was the only surface that was subjected to the chemical pyrite surface. These tubes shrink with Figure The from mild steel.
Hence, the use of MS here is for comparison purposes only. Therefore, the actual corrosion rate for the new formulation for CS is expected to be lower than the observed values for MS. The composition of mild steel coupons is depicted in Table 2. The tests were carried out using an RDA as illustrated in 4. Material Characterization. The purity of the pyrite Figure 2. Also, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS gas wells.
In these experiments, 14 wt. Both corrosion experiments were carried out 4. Apparatus RDA. The pyrite disk sample was soaked into 0.
The reaction between the solid surface and the 4. Computational Details. To get a better under- chemical formulation takes place in the reactor. Steel Corrosion Test. Two corrosion tests were has a better dissolution, solvation studies of both ions were conducted using borax and HCl formulations. HCl was used in this provide atomistic insight into understanding chemical work for comparison as a standard.
Mine Waste: Assessment of are split and polarization functions are included to ensure Environmental Contamination and Restoration. In Assessment, accuracy.
That is, each of the six water molecules are 5 Onawole, A. Computational Screening of Potential Inhibitors of This coordinate bond is from one of the lone pairs on the Desulfobacter Postgatei for Pyrite Scale Prevention in Oil and Gas oxygen in each water molecule. Hence, the name hexa six Wells. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , 3, The calculations were carried 6 Yin, R.
The latter was done Chem. Fighting Scale Removal and Prevention. The solvation and 9 Zambrano, G. A binding energies were calculated from the optimized structures Compositional Simulation Evaluation of the Santa Rosa, Colorado of the calculations. EF Reservoir, Eastern Venezuela. Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; orcid. Effect of PH on Acidic and Basic responsibility of the authors. Analysis Computational Study. Unit, Qatar University. The authors also would like to thank Patent 10,,, June 18, AkzoNobel for providing the chelating agent used in this work.
Recent 19 Romaine, J.
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